Mental retardation is an intellectual functioning level well below average and limitations in daily living life. Some cases of MR is mild and some cases are severe. In mild cases, there is a hope of learning some daily activities and own daily work but in severe cases, hope of learning is very low. For example, a person of special needs is 35 years old and his mind is only 2 years old.
The term “mental retardation” is considered outdated and is no longer used in professional and clinical settings. It has been replaced by more precise and respectful terminology. In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association in the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition) adopted the term “intellectual disability” to describe a condition characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior. Here are some key points related to intellectual disability:
- Definition: Intellectual disability is a developmental disorder characterized by limitations in intellectual functioning (IQ) and adaptive behavior. These limitations manifest before the age of 18.
- IQ Threshold: One common criterion for intellectual disability is having an IQ below 70. However, the specific IQ score required for diagnosis may vary by jurisdiction and clinical guidelines.
- Adaptive Behavior: Adaptive behavior refers to the social and practical skills that people need to live independently and participate in daily life. Deficits in adaptive behavior can include difficulties with communication, self-care, social interactions, and safety.
- Levels of Severity: Intellectual disability is categorized into different levels of severity, which include mild, moderate, severe, and profound. These categories are based on the degree of intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior deficits.
- Causes: Intellectual disability can have various causes, including genetic conditions (e.g., Down syndrome), prenatal exposure to toxins or infections, complications during childbirth, and postnatal factors such as traumatic brain injury or lead poisoning.
- Diagnosis: Diagnosis typically involves a comprehensive assessment, including intellectual testing, adaptive behavior assessment, and a review of the individual’s medical and developmental history.
- Treatment and Support: Individuals with intellectual disabilities often receive various forms of support and intervention. This may include special education services, speech and occupational therapy, behavioral interventions, and vocational training to enhance their independence and quality of life.
- Legal Protections and Rights: Laws and regulations, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) in the United States, are in place to protect the rights and ensure equal opportunities for individuals with intellectual disabilities. These laws cover areas like education, employment, and access to public facilities.
- Community Inclusion: Efforts have been made to promote community inclusion and reduce stigma for individuals with intellectual disabilities. This includes initiatives like inclusive education, supported employment programs, and community-based housing options.
- Respect and Dignity: It is essential to approach individuals with intellectual disabilities with respect and dignity, acknowledging their unique strengths and abilities. Language and terminology should be chosen carefully to avoid stigmatization and promote inclusion.
It’s important to emphasize that individuals with intellectual disabilities have unique talents, abilities, and potential, and with the right support and opportunities, they can lead fulfilling lives and make valuable contributions to their communities.